Wednesday 25 December 2013

Cardiac care. Calcification and arteriosclerosis. Kader Kochi.

Incidence of morbid conditions like calcification, arteriosclerosis and calculus formation due to the abnormal metabolism of calcium and vitamin D are more in tropical countries. 

Calcium constitutes about 2% of total body weight. Vitamin D, vitamin C, and lactose are essential for absorption of calcium through intestine. Green leaves rich with oxalic acid may interfere the absorption of calcium. Excess of calcium is mostly excreted daily through bowel. Constipation and infrequent urination have a role in abnormal deposition of calcium in tissues indirectly.

Diet with high protein and high salt can increase the daily requirement of calcium. Calcium is the essential element for blood coagulation. It has a role in the release of insulin from islets depot. It is essential for cardiac muscle contractions.

Normal blood Calcium   = 9.5 mg % -10.5 mg %.

Ionized Calcium    = 4.2 mg % - 5.2 mg %.

Calcitonin hormone can lower and para thyroid hormone can elevate the calcium level. 55 % of calcium present as calcium ions. 12 % present with other anions. 33 % present with protein.

Causes of high Calcium level

Hyperparathyroidism.

Multiple myeloma.

Adrenal insufficiency.

Osteolytic diseases.

Vitamin D intoxication.
High level of calcium may induce extra cardiac systole. It has Neuro sedatary effect. High calcium level may promote nerve weakness, muscle flaccidity and dementia like syndromes.

Causes of low calcium level

Hypo parathyroid.

Renal insufficiency.

Malabsorption syndrome.

Rickets.

Osteomalacia.

Hypo albuminaemia.

Mucus glands disorders.

Acidosis.
Low level of calcium has neuro excitatory effect. It may promote anger, irritability, cramps, stridor and diplopia. Mental retardation and arrested growth are common in childhood with low calcium. It may diminish cardiac contractibility. Osteoporosis is not related to low level of  calcium directly.

Sources of Calcium

Sesame seeds.

Curry leaf. 

Spinach. 

Fenugreek.

Carrot.

Soya.

Niger seeds. 

Red gram.

Almonds.

Beet root.

Black gram.

Bengal gram.

Big onion. 

Oysters.

Cheese. 

Milk powder. 

Ice cream.

Buffalo milk.

Crab.

Prawn.

Sardines.

Eggs.

Vitamin D present more in liver, viscera of fish, egg yolk, and butter.  Fat in skin are converted into vitamin D by ultraviolet radiation. Liver insufficiency and kidney weakness are the other main factors behind the D hypovitaminosis.

Sources of vitamin D

Soya.

Fish oil.

Milk.

 Egg yolk.

IRON

High level of metabolized iron also play an important role in development vascular degeneration and arteriosclerosis. Hyper acidity favors Iron absorption. Minimum daily requirement of iron is about 15 mg. Arteriosclerosis is also one of common complication of diabetes mellitus.

Normal serum iron                  = 90 ug% -150 ug%,

Causes of high Iron level

Haemochromatosis.

Haemolytic anemia.

Pernicious anemia.

Hypoplastic anemia.

Chronic hepatitis.

Causes of low Iron level  

Malnutrition.

Hook worm infestation.

Menstrual disorder.

Nephrosis.

Bone marrow disorders.

Sources of Iron 

Sesame.

Beetroot.

Dates. 

Red gram.

Tamarind. 

Cashew nut. 

Coconut.

Rice flakes. 

Cumin. 

Spinach. 

Pepper.

Chicken liver.

Oysters. 

Red meat.

The excessive consumption of food containing Iron and Calcium have a significant role in the incidence of chronic vascular diseases. 

Risk factors

Obesity.

Abnormal cholesterol metabolism.

Hypertension.

Old age.

Diabetes.

Hyperinsulinism.

Tobacco smoking.

Alcohol.

Chronic renal disease.

Chronic  pulmonary obstructive disease.

Carbon pollution.

Poverty and starvation.

Hyperglycemia.

Hyper uric acid.

Abnormal calcium metabolism.

Rheumatic vasculitis.

Pancreatic insufficiency.

Liver insufficiency.

High homocysteine level.

Hyper-phosphatemia (Radiation effects).

High potassium.

Vascular injury by abnormal infiltration with WBC, platelets, Amyloid, oxalate, sucrose, uric acid, arsenic, heavy metals; artificial steroids, and autoimmune factors.

Abnormal vascular endothelial proliferation.

Rheumatic vasculitis.

Loss elasticity due to vitamin E deficiency.

Physical inactivity.

Sedentary life.

Sympathetic nerve overactivity.

 Psychological stress.

Environmental stress.

Excess of acid food.

Contrast food habits. 

Excess of Thiocyanate in food.

Chronic viral infections.

Lead toxicity.

Ferum toxicity.

Haemochromatosis.

Amyloidosis.

Sarcoidosis.

Family history of ischemic cardiac diseases.

Male gender.

Preventive measures 

Avoid modifiable risk factors.

Avoid saturated fat and trans fat.

Avoid excess of vitamin D rich supplements daily.

Avoid prolonged body exposure to sunlight in summer.

Avoid diet pattern promoting constipation. 

Avoid high consumption of red meat.

Avoid excess of oxalate rich food items like tomato.

Avoid unnecessary synthetic steroids.

Take plenty of water daily.
  
Take low calcium diet in later half of life.

Identify and avoid all items that promote allergic or toxic vascular inflammation.

Take preventive measures against osteoporosis.

Use water filter for drinking purpose.

Chelation 

Calcium x Magnesium rich herbs.
Iron x Arsenic rich food ( Fish, rice).
Heavy metals x Coriander, Fennel. 

Homeopathic remedies

Crataegus, Ginseng, Mentha piperita, Syzygium aromaticum, Crocus sativa, Piper longum,Zingiber, Piper nigrum, Galangal,  Allium sativa, Acassia babul, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna, Gulgule, Eucalyptus honey, Oxymel, Secale cor, Ginkgo biloba, Salix nigra, Cinchona, Adhatoda vasaka, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Althaea officinalis, Alfalfa, Taxus baccata, Thea sinensis.

Arteriosclerosis prevention

Apply Oil christi (Externally on abdominal skin).

                                     


Sunday 16 June 2013

Dengue fever and genus Epidemics. Kader Kochi.

Dengue fever is a viral disease. It is more prevalent during rainy season. It occurs as endemic near seacoast and seaport due to periodic entry of foreign mosquitoes via ship and air cargo.

Symptoms

Dengue means mad in sahali language. Onset of fever is sudden within 3 days from mosquito bite as in yellow fever.

Common manifestations include chilliness, anorexia, weeping, depression, insomnia, severe body pain, backache, retro orbital pain on eye movement, dusky face, rapid pulse; measles like eruption on dorsum of hand and leg, and erythromegalgia.

Cough symptoms are entirely absent.

Temperature falls slowly on fourth day.

Second rise of temperature occurred after 24 hours interval (saddle back temperature).

Bradycardia, severe bone and tendon pain near joint, periarthritis, prostration, and granulocytopenic leucopenia-about 4000/cu mm are other features. 

Maculo-papular eruption seen on abdomen fades on pressure. 

Temperature falls suddenly on 7thday. Prostration may last for 3 weeks.

Epidemiology


 It depends on three factors

* Density of vector- mosquitoes (presence of water -pH neutral)

* Strength and virulence of virus

* Immunity or susceptibility of individual

Vector

Vectors of dengue fever, chikun gunya and malaria are same.

Word “mos’’ originated from mosquaie (French) means small. Quito means fly. 

Female mosquitoes are only infectious. 

They take blood for longevity and laying eggs. 

Blood sucked female can live more than 4 months.

Mosquitoes are absent in sea and poles. 

They have difficulty to survive in hottest summer, and winter in temperate zone. 

Wet weather with heat of sun favors mosquito multiplication.

Aedes aegypti is responsible for dengue in India.

 Aedes Aegypti is a domestic vector that prefers to breed in rainwater of small artificial container and lays about 25 eggs at a time. 

They are small and have black color with strips.

 Its eggs look like black dots separately.

These mosquitoes cannot fly more than 25 meter while anopheles can fly about 800 meter if wind is favorable. 

It prefer to dark than light colors.


They bite the all vertebrates at dawn, twilight and daytime than night

They are infectious after 12 days from bite on dengue patient. 
 
Aedes albopictus is responsible for dengue in Philippians, and Aedes scutellaris in Guinea.

Dengue fever is an arthropod borne disease caused by filterable virus has 55-milli micron size and belonging to Casal’s B group.

Other viral diseases in this group


Yellow fever (Aedes)

St: Louis encephalitis (Culex- Bird) USA

Russian spring summer fever (Tick)

Japanese B encephalitis (Culex -Bird)

Murray valley encephalitis (Fowl) Australia

O’nyong- nyong (Anopheles -Chickun gunya like symptoms)

Dengue virus is similar to shape of measles and poliomyelitis virus and has 50 milli micron in size (size of chicken pox is about 210mu; Virus has no cell membrane). 

Transovarial route or mosquito-to-mosquito spread of virus not identified.

Four different strains have identified.

Infection through transfusion of blood from dengue patient or through non-sterilized needle contamination was not established.
 

Precaution


Celebrate dry day once in week

Empty the water tank, other materials filled with rainwater and latex-collecting pots on rubber tree once in week. (Microbes are absent in rainwater -Leeuwenhoek).

Replace the water in air cooler.  

Make fogging at school compounds and all depots on Sunday.

Smoke frankincense or camphor inside the house. 

Smoke is very intolerable to mosquitoes.

Do not allow the mosquito multiplication within premise.

Dispose all unnecessary water containers in home premise.

Deposit catfish or Gambusia into aquarium or drainage canal.

Pour crude oil to drainage canal, kerosene oil to domestic well in evening

Add some salt to flower vase.

Aedes aegypti larva cannot grow in impure water.

Apply onion oil, citronella oil, camphorated oil, citric acid lotion locally over undressed part of skin to protect from bite.

Spray body perfumes

Wear school full sleeve uniform of dark color

Add salt to bath tub to maintain alkaline skin PH

Avoid blood of infected dengue patient for transfusion

Avoid visit to infected patient in hospital without proper clothes

Avoid stay with tourists or foreigners in epidemic without taking some precaution.

Special measures


Protect the infected patients from subsequent mosquito bite to prevent hemorrhagic syndromes and to spread to other neighboring healthy individual.

Treatment


Take rest until fever subsides.

Cover the leg and feet with blankets if headache is acute or forehead is warm.

Prefer warm water to drink.

Take sweet or tasty digestible food on early and mild stage of fever.

Make sweating by hot bottles or dry blankets during chill.

Sponge with cold-water over forehead and arm pit if fever is high with insomnia.

Take sufficient rice water in strength of 1:10 if hypotension present.

Take light wheat gruel or light rice porridge.

Take warm tea, zinger tea, or pepper tea if chill persists.

Milk items on chill stage are not favorable.

Sip lime juice if nausea present.

Urinate 5 times daily to expel body toxins as well as virus.

 

Other infectious fevers


Word epidemic (epi-demo) means about the people.

History of earthquake, volcano, etc was present just before epidemic broke out in some countries.
 

Influenza


Peoples of Italy had believed that seasonal fevers are occurring due to influence of heavenly bodies. 

Two core people had died in pandemic influenza occurred in 1918.

Take complete rest during early days of fever.

Take easily digestible food.

Avoid chicken, turkey and egg yolk during epidemic.

Avoid drinking cold water in excess during rainy season.

Cholera


10 thousand people were died and 100 thousand were affected in Indonesian cholera occurred in 1961. 

Sixty people died in Alleppy Kerala due to cholera in 1996.

Avoid acid foods or drinks in cholera epidemic (pickles,fish, meat and tea).

Avoid fasting.

Reduce the quantity of food at night as saliva become acid during night.

Chew food many times during daytime.

Hepatitis

Jaundice appears usually in head foot order.

Hepatitis E infection is more transmitted through shellfish and river fish in tropical.

This virus has special affinity to pregnant women. 

Hepatitis A is self-limiting. 

Avoid ice cream and ready made soft drinks during epidemic. 

Hepatitis B was first developed in 1965 in those had taken vaccination against yellow fever primarily in 1945.

 Incidence of Yellow fever is less.

Leptospirosis


It is one of the common causes for hepatitis.   

Symptoms of hemorrhagic dengue fever are similar to Leptospirosis.

It was epidemic in period between 1998 and 2002; and 446 people had died in south India. 

Lepto spirochetes enter into body through wound in skin and mouth. 

One core spirochete may present in one ml of rat urine.

It also transmitted through dog and cattle’s urine. 

Spirochetes cannot survive in soap water.

Plague

Main symptom of Black Death was bleeding like dengue hemorrhagic fever.

Plague had occurred in AD 542 to 552 in Palestine and Egypt of Rome Empire. 
(This region was the cultural centre of world on that century). 

Black Death also occurred in AD1365 and 1665 in Europe. 
(This was cultural centre of that century). 

Twenty-five core people were died (total world population was 100 core). 

Reservoir was rat. Vector was fleas,bacteria was Yersinia pestis.

Pneumonia, lymph adenitis, and fever are the common symptoms.

Kill rats by giving small cake made of ½ kg of barium carbonate mixing with1 kg of wheat flour. 

Place non-poisons cake on first 3 days to attract rats.

Use trap box.

Avoid bath in open pool near paddy field especially those have wound.

Sprinkle bleaching powder into pool.

Noises are intolerable to rats.
*

Seasonal fever


Simple fever is not a disease. 

It is not a symptom.

It is a physiological phenomenon.

Fever lasting for few days only does not make any health problems.

Hippocrates (456-377) said “Give fever, I shall cure all diseases”

 Homoeostasis

Human cells can identify own cells and foreign particle.

Individual become susceptible to disease factors when toxins are increased and settled in body. 

Toxins formed or entered in body are different in each individual constitution and each seasons-winter, spring, summer, monsoon, and autumn.

Homoeostasis is the state of equilibrium of seven elements skinbloodmuscle, fat, bone, bone marrow and semen. When the equilibrium of elements is altered (excess or deficiency) or contaminated by toxins, some suitable medicines are essential to correct it rapidly.

Eliminate the toxins from the body in early stage through the nearest orifice on the last two weeks in each season with least and effective medicines.

When toxins spread to different parts and undergo different metabolism, symptomatic treatment both eliminations and alleviations are required.

Arrange life style according to age, constitution, location, climate and seasons. 

Take fast twice during early weeks of each season.

Body immunity will increase following toxin elimination.

Genus epidemicus

The medicine that effective for large number of patients during epidemic can give to healthy individual in small dose for prophylaxis.

It gives immunity for some months.

Symptoms will be less acute and cure will take place with few days if infection occurs.

It helps to prevent hemorrhagic fever in subsequent periods with same or other strains.

It protects infections through other source like transfusion or catheter inoculation.

It prevents transformation of periarthritis to chronic rheumatic arthritis.

It gives immunity to health staff and gives confidence to attend and treat infected patients.


Other Prophylaxis


Avoid stress.

Make inter lock of all fingers many times.

Press on thumb with index finger frequently during epidemics.

Take camphorated bakery (ledu).


Some medicines


Word thadarthakari means likes, suitable,  and similar.

Take Baptisia 3x for first 3 days in repeated doses.

Take Eupatorium perfoliatum 3x or Cimicifuga3x for 3 days.

Prefer cinchona next three days. 

Other symptomatic medicines are Arsenic album3xand Bryonia alb3x

PreferDulcamara 3x for influenza during rainy season.

Other medicines:Allium sativa and Zingeber

Thrombocytopenia:Alfalfa and Adathoda vasika



Death rate due to both the life style disorders and communicable diseases are decreasing on high standard of living.

“Mortality become less, morbidity become high”.


*
  

Wednesday 12 June 2013

Homeopathic treatment for Arthritis. Kader Kochi.

Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints. Besides the bones, the cartilages, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and synovial membranes etc are involved in arthritis. Term rheumatism indicates a variety of disorders that have a common pain and stiffness referable to the musculoskeletal system. Arthritis is a common disorder of elderly, especially those over the age of 60.

Common symptoms of arthritis include pain, tenderness, stiffness, swelling, instability, warmth, weakness, and deformities at joints. Pain at the joint can occur as a secondary symptom in many other diseases. These include

Acromegaly.

Leukemia.

Alkaptonuria.

Lyme disease.

Behcet’s syndrome.

Osteoporosis.

Colitis.

Polyarteritis nodosa.

Crohn’s disease.

Polymyalgia rheumatic.

Dermatomyositis.

Reiter’s disease.

Endocarditis.

Relapsing polychondritis.

Familial Mediterranean fever.

Reynaud’s disease.

Haemochromatosis.

Sarcoidosis.

Henoch-schonlein purpura.

Serum sickness.

Hepatitis.

Sickle cell diseases.

Hemarthrosis.

Sjogren’s syndrome.

Hyper immunoglobulinemia.

Systemic lupus erythematosus.

Haemoglobinopathies.

Wilson diseases.

Hypercholesterolemia.

Dyslipidemia 

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.

Classification

Crystal deposit arthritis.

Degenerative arthritis.

Inflammatory arthritis.

Mono- arthritis

Poly-arthritis

Transient fleeting arthritis

Septic arthritis.

Tubercular arthritis.

Traumatic arthritis.

Gout.

Pseudo gout.

Spondyloarthritis 

Osteoarthritis.

Hemarthrosis.

Neoplasm arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis.

Viral arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteoarthritis.

Spondyloarthritis. 

S.L.E.

Henoch-schonlein purpura.

Tubercular arthritis.

Drug allergy.

Acute rheumatic fever.

Gonorrhoea.

Dengue arthritis.

Rheumatic fever.

Henoch-schonlein purpura. 

Serum sickness.

Drug reaction.

S.L.E.

Bacterial endocarditis.

Rubella.

Infectious mononucleosis.

Reiter’s disease.

Acute rheumatoid arthritis.

Female are more affected than male. It may occur in either acute or chronic form.


1. Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is progressive illness affecting synovial membrane and extra articular tissues.

It is three times common in female.

It most often starts after 20 years and before 60 years of age. 

Incidence is less in hot and polar zone than mid zone. Relapse is less in summer and rainy season than winter and spring. 

It affects multiple joints of both sides of body. 

Peripheral joints are first involved. It affects intercarpel joints, MP joints, proximal IP joints, tarsal joints, knees, small joints of cervical spine and sub acromial bursa.

Rheumatoid arthritis first affects synovial membrane and cartilage. Synovial membrane is thickened. Synovial fluid is increased and become turbid.

Erosions of two opposing bones are taken place in advanced stage. Damage to joints can occur early and does not always correlate with the degree of pain, stiffness, or swelling present in the joints.

Risk factors

Hereditary.

Allergic factor include infectious agents possibly viruses, bacteria or fungi; gluten, potato, tomato etc.

Environmental factors such as cat dung, silicea, tobacco, Manganese etc.

Presentation

A. Vague myalgia and different aches in limbs, head, neck, shoulder, chest, upper back, or lower back.

B. Sausage shaped swelling in peripheral joints. Swelling and pain are worse in morning. Larger joint affected later.

C. Minimum joint problems with systemic symptoms like pleurisy,  pericarditis and weight loss.

D. Relapsing mono arthritis of different large joints.

E. Persistent monoarthritis.

F. Wide spread arthritis with sudden onset.

Clinical manifestations

Common symptoms are pain, swelling, stiffness, and warmth on peripheral joints in a symmetrical distribution.

Malaise, fatigue, loss of energy, anorexia, low-grade fever, poor sleep, rashes etc may appear before the joint pain. 

Pain and stiffness are continuance, worse on motion, after periods of rest, at night and in early morning.

The first attack lasts 8-12 days. The course varies among affected individuals. Exacerbation may occur after stress, emotional shock, worry, hard work, exposure to acute infection or malnutrition. Relapse can occur after weeks, months, or years.

Different joints may be affected on each atmospheric change. 

Hoarseness may occur when cricoarytenoid joint is involved. 

Rheumatoid arthritis can affect the other parts of body. 

Painless and hard cutaneous nodules (25%) under the skin may present around the elbows and fingers.  

Episcleritis, kerato conjunctivitis sicca, iritis, pneumonitis, nodules formation in lungs, pulmonary fibrosis, pleurisy, pericarditis, diarrhoea, oro genital ulcer, splenomegaly, scanty urine, urethritis, enlarged lymph glands, multifocal peripheral neuropathy, tenosynovitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoporosis, vasculitis (black nail or leg ulcer), vasomotor symptoms in hands and feet, Reynaud’s phenomenon, increased sweat, oedema etc. may develop with rheumatoid arthritis.

Complications

Chronic inflammation can cause loss of cartilages, erosion of bone, atrophy superficial muscles and tendons, thickening of peripheral nerves and loss of its functions.

Other complications are joint deformity, obesity, and wasting.

Diagnosis

It is based on clinical history, the blood and x-ray findings. 

Blood may show "rheumatoid factor (in 75%), antinuclear antibody” (in 30 %), high ESR (> 40 mm/hour), high C-reactive protein (>10 mg/L), low Hb (<12 gm), low white blood cells (5000/cu mm), high level of plasma phosphatase, and reversed ratio of plasma albumin/ globulin in patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

RA factor may also positive in Liver disorder, S.L.E, Kala azar, Syphilis, Sarcoidosis, Bacterial endocarditis. T.B, and Acute viral infections.

Normal concentration of Reactive Protein in healthy human serum is usually lower than 10 mg/L. Its level is increased in active inflammation (40- 200 mg/L). It falls more promptly than ESR in recovery period of septic arthritis.

Joint X-rays may show evidence of soft tissue thickening, widening of joint space, loss of joint space, bone thinning, erosions, calcifications, and subluxation of joints. 

Punched out appearance on bony ends is more in gout than RA. Chest ray is helpful in SLE, RA and TB.

Other investigation

Joint aspiration for culture; microscopy for blood, pus, and crystals; blood- culture in septic arthritis; estimation of Uric acid (7 mg %), Urea (20 - 40 mg %), Cholesterol (150mg %-250mg %) and Creatinine (0.7-1.5 mg %).

*

2. Gout

Gout is due to deposition of sharp crystals of sodium biurate in joints and tendons. 

It may be either excessive production of uric acid in liver or decreased excretion through kidneys. 

It is first deposited on inner surface of synovial membrane and surface of cartilages. Then the entire joint cavity is filled with these crystals.

It is also deposited on tendons, extra surface of synovial membrane, stomach, intestine, kidneys, heart, brain, and blood vessels.

Gout is very rare in children. 

It affects more rich than poor, more in wise than fool.

It is eight times common in male.

It is absent in eunuchs.

Patient with RA almost never affect gout and vice versa.

Risk factors

Heredity.

Excess of nitrogenous foods, excess of meat.

Excess of alcohol, coffee, and soft drinks.

Excess of purine synthesis, enzyme deficiency for converting into uric acid.

Stress induced adrenal insufficiency.

Obesity, hyperlipidemia, sedentary life style.

Previous injury to joints.

Intestinal bacterial deficiency due antimicrobial agents, hyperchlorhydria.

Lead poisoning.

High blood uric acid (5%).

Clinical manifestations

Acute gout occurs as sudden onset of pain and tenderness in first metacarpo phalangeal joint of thumb or great toe. It may develop in other joints.

Skin over the part is tense and shiny red or purple.

Pain is progressively worse from hour to hour in acute primary attack. It last for 1-3 weeks and disappear gradually. Skin over the affected joint is peels off. 

Remission occurs within few months with involving multiple joints. 

Soft nodules contain chalk like materials and it may be formed in bursa, tendons, pinna, and other soft tissues.

Other symptoms are depends on the part affected.

Causes of high uric acid

Hereditary. 

Myelo proliferative disorder.

Leukaemia.

Lead nephropathy.

Renal insufficiency.

Hypothyroidism.

Hyperparathyroidism.

Hypokalemia.

Ketosis.

Acidosis.

Starvation.

Obesity.

Psoriasis.

Drugs: Thiazide, aspirin, niacin, alcohol. 

Purine rich diet: Organ meat, game meat, herring, gravy, dried beans, green  peas, oatmeal, dried peas, and mushrooms.

High fructose corn syrup.

Table sugar.

Normal blood uric acid is about 7 mg %.

75 % of uric acid is formed endogenously.

*

3. Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a condition of localized or generalized degeneration of articular cartilage and formation of spur at the edges of joints.
 
It is the commonest arthritis. 

It is a disorder of poor class.

Female predominance is 3:1. 

The peripheral joints are more involved in female.

Primary osteoarthritis is symmetrical and affects mainly on distal interphalangeal joints. 

Other common sites are knee, great toe, thumbs, MPs joints, acromio-clavicular joints, and small joints of spine.

Secondary osteoarthritis is asymmetrical and affects on weight bearing joints-hip, knee, and inter vertebral disc.

Risk factors 

Congenital malformation of bones and cartilages.

Old age. 

Female sex. 

Injury. 

Job with repetitive workload on joints.

Obesity.

Endocrinal 
insufficiency like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, and diabetes.

Undernutrition. 

Other joint diseases include Septic arthritis, Gout, Paget’s disease, Haemophilia, Sickle cell anemia, Heredity, and Connective tissue disorders. 

Toxicity 
from grass peas (Lathyrus sativus).

Signs and symptoms

Pains in joints are worse in evening, during and after movement, and better on rest.

Stiffness of ligaments and muscles around the joint are worse on rest and in the morning.  

Pain and stiffness are better after some joint movements.

The pain may be continuous, and even occur while in a state of rest in advanced stage.

Swelling and tenderness on joint, loss of flexibility, and grating sensation on movement are the other most common symptoms. 

Peripheral arthritis may be painless in some individual.

When it affects spines, spur formation causes compression on nerves. This leads to root pain, muscular weakness, and autonomic dysfunctions.

The quantity of phosphoric acid in urine is less.

Symptoms often develop slowly and worsen over time. 

Articular end of bones become thickened and displaced. 

Surrounding tendons and ligaments are weakened. 

It never suppurates.

 X-ray shows loss of joint space, cartilaginous sclerosis, and bone spurs.

*

4. Ankylosing spondylitis

It is an erosive inflammatory arthropathy affecting sacro iliac joint and the spine in asymmetrical pattern with marked tendency to ankylosing. 

It is common in young male. 

History of non-specific urethritis is present in some people.

Clinical manifestations

It include pain and stiffness in back, tenderness on anterior superior iliac spines, hyper extended neck, and restriction of respiratory movements. Pain is worse in early morning. 

Other patterns are iritis, uveitis, plantar fasciitis, achilles tendinitis, and osteochondritis.

Investigation

X- ray shows bamboo spine with squaring of vertebra, erosion of apophyseal joints and obliteration in sacroiliac joints. ESR is high.

5. Systemic lupus erythematosus

It occur more in West Indian blacks. 

It is nine times common in female 9:1 

Clinical manifestations

They include acute joint pain, continuous fever, haemolytic anemia, photosensitivity, splenomegaly, renal insufficiency, sclerosis of kidneys, or sclerosis of esophagus, lupus alopecia, chorea, erythema, and various symptoms of arteritis. 

Predisposing factors

Hyperfunction of ovaries, photosensitivity, allergy to ergot, reserpine, nicotinic acid, Manganese and sulpha drugs.

*

6. Rheumatic arthritis

Children of temperate climate are affected generally.

It usually follows throat infection. 

Fever remains high. 

Joint pain fleets joint to joint. 

Sweating is profuse.

ESR is high. 

Cardiac involvement is more frequent.

*

7. Psoriatic arthritis

It occurs as polyarthritis in 30% of psoriasis patient. 

It mostly affects terminal small joints of hands, and sacro iliac joints but asymmetrical.

Pains are severe and continuous. 

Periodic remission and relapse are common. 

Systemic complication is uncommon. 

Medicine like Cinchona can aggravate Psoriasis (Homeopathicity)

*

8. Calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy

 It occurs as polyarthritis. 

Pain is less severe.

Risk factors

Hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, hemochromatosis and joint diseases. 

*

9. Whipple disease

Arthritis occurs following inflammatory bowel disease.

*

10. Reiter’s disease

It usually occurs following 4 weeks after gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections.

 It affects ankle, all joints of feet, knees, hips, sacro-iliac joints, and spine.

Clinical manifestations include joint pain, oral and genital ulcers, dull red macules, and pustule on sole of feet, and palm, urethritis, prostatitis, and conjunctivitis.

*

11. Sjogren’s syndrome

Clinical manifestations are dryness in mouth, eyes, vulva, nose, and throat with Joint symptoms. 

RA factor is present ( 80%).

*

12. Infective arthritis (Septic arthritis)

Infectious agents include Staphylococcus, Haemolytic streptococci, Pneumococcus, Gonococcus, Meningococcus, Influenza, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Brucella, TB, Actinomycosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Sporotrichosis etc.

*

13. Viral arthritis

Infectious agents include rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, entero virus, dengue fever, and chikun gunya. It occurs as sudden onset with chills and fever.

*

Treatment for Arthritis

Aim of treatment includes 

Elimination of etiological factors. 

Elimination of body toxins through skin, kidneys and gall bladder (Bowel).

Relief of symptoms.

Prevention of complications.

Improvement in general health. 

Correction of deformity.

*

Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis present, and its stage. 

They include a combination of following.

Rest.

Physical therapy.

Diet modification.

Medication.

Joint-strengthening exercises.

Joint protection. 

Lifestyle changes.

Preventive measures

Osteoarthritis

Correct obesity. 

Lose weight to reduce pressure on joints.
 

Correct malnutrition.

Vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants are essential for limiting the degenerative process. Intake of refined carbohydrates reduce vitamins and minerals reserve in body.

Vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis and to prevention of extravasations. 

The recommended daily in therapeutic dose. 

Vitamin A 50000 i.u.

Folic acid 75 mg. 

Vitamin C 5 gm. 

Vitamin D 400 i.u.

Vitamin E 400 mg. 

Manganese 2 mg. 

Magnesium 300 mg. 

Selenium 100 mcg. 

Zinc 30 mg.

Calcium 1000 mg. 

Correct hormonal imbalance: Hypothyroidism, Hypo or hyper adrenal dysfunction, Hypogonadism. 

Avoid sexual excess.

Avoid sedentary life style. 

Avoid improper lifting, positions, movements that make extra stress on painful joints, and joint overuse.

Avoid unnecessary and prolonged intake of synthetic steroids as it induces aseptic bone necrosis. 

Get treatment in acute infections (Bacterial, Viral, and Protozoal).

Prevent the early “wear and tear" with proper diet and exercises.

Avoid injury.

Take proper precaution in sports and driving.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Avoid food grains that contaminated with ergot.

Avoid gluten contain items (wheat).

Avoid unpolished rice and rye in sensitive families.

Avoid silicea contain items (Bamboo, barley, beer, oats, maize, cucumber, tomatoes, rice bran, cane sugar, banana, egg white, mussels and tobacco) in sensitive families.

Avoid solonacea rich items. 

Change the living style.

Correct septic focus. 

GENERAL TREATMENT

 Rest

Take rest for 24 hours during acute stage.

Avoid staying in one position for too long. 

Get 6 to 8 hours sleep.

Physical therapy

It can help improve circulation, muscle strength, flexibility, and sense of balance. 

It is also helpful to relieve stiffness, pain, inflammation, and fatigue.  

Get continue physical therapy for 2 months.

Heat is better to relieve stiffness.

Apply moist heat, heat from Mercury vapor lamp, or hot soaks. 

Apply alternate hot and cold water directly on painful area. 

Apply ice (Cold can relieve muscle spasms and pain).

Apply paraffin wax: Heat paraffin and mineral oil (4:1) up to 130 F, and apply on painful part repeatedly.

Make deep massage on indurate area and sensitive joint for 20 minutes. 

Make spinal massage to correct autonomic dysfunctions.

Place the foot on a pillow at night in leg pain. 

Apply vegetable oil.

Massage on opposite feet and ear in numbness of feet.

Press the tip of thumb and index finger.

Rub with nylon brush on soles until the sloes get warmth than head.

Exercise

Practice stretching exercises and deep breathing.

Regular exercise can stimulate cartilage growth. 

Diet modification in Osteoarthritis

Unfavourable

Avoid excess of meat (It contains 5 times more Phosphorus than Calcium. Phosphorous can stimulate parathyroid and promote liberation of calcium from bone).

Avoid soft drinks (It contain Phosphorous) with meals.

Avoid refined carbohydrate, honey, barley, corn syrup, fat,  wheat, dairy products (Goat milk is allowed), fried foods and alcohol.

Avoid processed foods. It contains less Potassium and high Sodium than fresh vegetables. 

Avoid Sodium and Potassium rich salt in paralysis of ligaments.

Favourable

Take fast with fruits and vegetable juice for 7 to 21 days.

Prefer non-citrus vegetable diet.

Take bone meal (Chondroitin present in soft bones can help for the formation of cartilage).

Diet modification in Rheumatoid arthritis

Correct gastrointestinal dysfunction: Hypoacidity, Hyperacidity (Gout also), Gastro intestinal enzyme deficiency, Poor peristalsis, Poor digestion, and Poor assimilation,Toxins (Ama - poison vata).

Unfavorable

Allergic items: Shellfish, Prawn, Sweet peas, Gluten containing food (Wheat, barley, and rye), tobacco, tomato, potato etc.

Fiber rich diet. 

Black Gram.

Horse Gram. 

Curd.

Items of nightshade family- Potatoes, Tomatoes, Tobacco, Pepper, and Brinjal (Eggplant).

Inflammatory items: Sugar, Cottonseed oil, Safflower oil, Soy oil, Sunflower oil, Trans fats, Vanaspathi, Red meat, Sardine, Refined carbohydrate, Alcohol, Aspartame, Garlic, and Milk.

Sun heat. 

Battery contaminants.

Favorable

Prefer anti - inflammatory food: Sesame (It contains Cu, Mg. fatty acids), Apple (It contains boron), Pineapple  (It contains bromelain. It can digest fibre- Oats induced arthritis), Black grape, Carrot juice, Soya bean, Papaya, Cherries, Shark cartilage, Fish oil, Salmon (cold water fish), and Olive oil.

 Zinc can act as immunity factor with vitamin A and E. 

Take milk rice in claudication.

Take milk.

Take green gram. 

Diet modification in Gout

Gout is a diet-related arthritis.

Correct diet imbalance. 

Reduce 
consumption of refined carbohydrate, acid forming foods, salt, vitamin D, spices, coffee, and alcohol. 

Correct liver functions insufficiency.

Unfavorable

Wine and beer. Many acute attacks follow the evening dining and wining. 

Alcohol inhibits excretion of uric acid through kidneys. Whisky is harmless. 

Food have high in purines: Red  meats, Organ meat, Sweetbread, Liver, Fish roes, Tripe, Kidney, Shellfish, Herring, Mackerel, Mussels, Oats, and Spices.

Oxalate contain items include Spinach, Rhubarb, Asparagus, Tomato and Strawberries.

Turkey.

Cauliflower.

Lead contamination.

Favorable

Take plenty of fluid to excrete uric acids.

Take fast for 3 days and repeat it after 5 days intervals.

Prefer items with purine free or low purine: Poached eggs, goat milk, low fat cheese, brown rice, corn bread, rice, millet, nuts, green vegetables, sea vegetable, and fruits.

Take non-citrus alkaline fasting. 

Weak vinegar, juice of cabbage, carrot, cherries, banana, and strawberries. 

 Prevent acidosis.

Add baking soda on cooking the grains and vegetables.

Prefer alkaline food for 30 days especially in hot climates.

ALKALINE ITEMS

ACID ITEMS

Lemons. 

Watermelon.          

Artificial sweeteners.

Carbonated soft drinks.

Mango, papaya, grapes, passion fruit, pears, pineapple, orange, apricots, avocados, bananas (ripened), apples, guavas, sapote, cherries, peach, almonds, chestnuts.

Cranberries.

Nuts.


Whey, protein powder, cottage cheese, chicken breast, eggs (poached).

Beef, goat, pork, chicken, turkey, carp, fish, lamb, lobster, mussels, oyster, rabbit, salmon, shrimp, scallops, tuna, dairy.

Dried dates, figs, coconut.      

 wheat flour, white rice.

Capsicum, tamarind, cinnamon, mustard, chilli pepper, peppers, garlic, onions, coconut vinegar.

Pesticides, herbicides, alcohol, spirits, beer, white vinegar. 

Arrowroot, ginger, peas (less sweet), potatoes, carrots, tomato, melons, gooseberry, lettuce, alfalfa, beans, greens cucumber, eggplant, lcabbage, cauliflower, pumpkin.

Beans, peas, soy milk, rice milk.

Fats & oils, butters, rice, wheat, barley, corn, noodles.

Sea salt.

Table salt, Table sugar, Fumaric acid.

Vegetable juices, green tea, herbal tea, dandelion tea, ginseng tea.

Chocolate, coffee, tea black.        

Kindness, love.

Overwork, stress, anger, fear, jealousy.

Correct liver dysfunctions early.

Mental activities

Avoid stress promoting relationships and activities. Stress can cause digestive insufficiency. It can also cause early depletion of adrenal hormones. Intermediate products formed from weak protein digestion can act as auto allergens.

Avoid fear, worry, envy, depression and resentment.

Protective measures

Protect the joints with splints, braces, or orthotics.

Make some changes on jobs and around the home to reduce some stress on joints.

Install grab bars in the shower, the tub, and near the toilet.

Medications

Aims of medicinal treatment are to relieve the symptoms, and support the immune system. 

Medicines can correct the inflammation, dryness, and infiltrations in joints; weakness in muscles and ligaments; degeneration of cartilages, and proliferation of bone.

Characteristics of symptoms are different in every individual with arthritis. So different remedies may be required.

Medicinal treatment in Acute gout

 Medicine: Viscum album, Cinchona, Colchicum, Aratium lappa, Alpinia galangal and Urtica urens.

Bitter medicines

Rauwolfia (Snake poison- snake root), Quassia amara.

Chronic Gout

Common remedies: Achilus millifolium, Actea racemosa, Ammonium phosphoricum, Ammonium benzoicum, Ephedra, Plumbum ammonium, and Rheum.

Salicylic acid contains remedies

Aloe socotrina, Chamomile, Cinchona, Gaultheria, Oleander, Salix nigra, and Trifolium pretense.

Androgen related remedies

Thuja, Withania somnifera and Yohimbinum.

 *

Medicinal treatment in Osteoarthritis

General 

Calcarea phos (Calcium deficiency may promote inflammation, scrofula, spur formation, calcification, or abscess), Ricinus com and Tinospora.

Remedies

Avena sativa, Syzygium aromaticum,  Piper nigrium, Agaricus, Manganese nigrim and Plumbum aceticum.

*

Medicinal treatment in Rheumatoid arthritis

General medicines

Allium sativa, Sinapis alba, Sulphur (Sulphur normally present micro level in Hb, Rennin, Insulin, cartilage, muscle, bone, and connective tissues. It can act as antioxidants in micro level like selenium). 

 Aloe socotrina, China, Cimicifuga, and Salix nigra. 

Tinospora, Terminalia chebula and Muriatic acid (It can increase calcium absorption, reduce flatulence, and prevent formation of allergic factors).

Immune promoting medicines

Arsenic album, Liquorice, Zinc sulphate, Manganum nigricum, Syzygium aromaticum, Guggul Pura, Azadirecta, Zingiber, Mercurius.

Argentum nitricum, Alfalfa.

Anti-inflammatory medicines

Alfalfa, Allium sativa, Apis, Azadiracta indica (shoulder), Bryonia, Cimicifuga, Curcuma longa, Discorea villosa, Kali iodide, Liquorice, Lupulus, Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius), Rhus tox, Millefolium, Salix alba, Salix nigra, Taraxacum, Urtica urens, Vaccinum myrtillus, Withania somnifera, Yucca (Bacterial toxin from from GI tract), Zingiber.   

Analgesic medicines

Aloe socotrina, Bryonia, Cinchona, Colocynth, Gelsemium, Magnesium phos, Salix alba.

General medicines

Stiffness Joint

Kali carb.

Stiffness Heart muscle

Kali carb.

Synovial fluid lack, dry

Mercurius, Fenugreek, Physostigma.

Synovial effusion

Kali mur.

Spasm muscles

Natrum mur.

Elasticity loss

GraphitesCalcarea fluoride, Sinapis, Manganum nigricum.

Paralysis, emaciation, swelling and bleeding


Calcium phos.

Muscle degeneration

Calcium fluoride. Causticum.

Feet numbness

Aegle folia.

Shoulder muscle weakness

Kali carb.

Frozen shoulder

Sarsaparilla.

Sciatica

Gingiber, Ricinus communis, Tinospora cordifolia, Vitex negundo.

Anti-allergic medicines

Curcuma longa, Licorice, Rosmarinus officinalis, Urtica urens. 

*

Remedies for rheumatoid arthritis

Phosphorus contains remedies

Piper nigricum, Allium cepa, Curcuma longa, Lycopodium, Phosphoric acid.

Oestrogen related remedies

Aconitum, Baptisia, Fenugreek, Thuja.

Silicea contain remedies

Berberis aquafolium, Millefolium, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum.

Solanine contains remedies

Belladonna, Dulcamara, Solanum lycos, Solanum nigrum, and Tabacum.

Arsenic contains remedies

Arsenic album, Arsenic sulphide, Kali arsenate, and Sinapis alba (It can correct haemochromatosis. It can promote microcirculation), Taraxacum.

Anti-inflammatory remedies

Arnica montana, Belladonna, Stramonium, Capsicum, Lobelia, Medicago sativa, Tabacum, Kala gonda.

Manganese related remedies. 

Syzygium aromaticum, Cardamon, Alpinia galanga, Zingiber, Calotropis.

Remedies-Some indications 

Oedema, insufficient general circulation.

Zingiber.

Oedema, with urethral discomfort.

Eupatorium purpureum, Uva ursi.

Gonococal arthritis, Reiter’s disease. 

Thuja.

Arthritis with glandular enlargement.

Phytolocca.

Arthritis with constipation.

Ricinus communis.

Regional remedies

Neck -pain and stiffness.

Cimicifuga.

Deltoid region- pain and stiffness.

Kalmia.

Lower lumbar-pain and sciatica.

Berberis vulgaris.

Ankle- rheumatism.

Ledum pal.

Modalities

Pain worse from exposure to cold damp weather.

Dulcamara.

Pain worse in rain season worse and during rest.

Rhus tox.

Chest pain worse on motion.

Bryonia.

Acute pain and rigidity worse on motion.

Belladonna.

Worse at night.

Arsenic album.

Pain worse on mental exertion.

Chamomila.

Peripheral arthritis better by hard massage.

Cinchona.

Pain better by perspiration.

Apis.

Spine

Degeneration of cartilage.

Acid phos, Angustura vera, Fluoric acid, Nitric acid, and Silicea.

Degeneration of spine, vertebra

Acid phos, fluoric acid, and Phosphorus.


Spinal muscle weakness & pain.


Kali phos, Zinc.

Muscle

Ligamentaneous and tendon weakness.

Rhus tox.

Muscle weakness. 

Antimonium tart, Causticum, Kali carb, Selenium and sulphur.

Degeneration of muscle (Weakness in climbing).

Argentum, Arsenic alb, Fluoric acid and Nitric acid, Rhus tox, Arsenic sulphide.


Chronic spasm. 


Aconitum, Angustura vera, Calcium carbonate, Cuprum, Conium, Cicuta, Cocculus, Hydrocyanic acid, 
Lachesis, Nux vomica, Physostigma, Phytolacca, Piper nigrim, Secale cor, Veratrum.  

Lack of synovial fluid, dryness.

Alumina, Causticum, Guaiacum, Kali bich, Kali carb, Kali iodide, Kali mur.

Bone

Spur, exotosis

Thuja.

Spur degeneration

Silicea.

Osteoporosis

Angostura vera, Manganum nigrim,

Bone abscess

Calcarea- Sulphur- Silicea (series).

Nail atrophy

Calcium fluoride and Sulphur.

Nerves

Dryness

Kali phos.

Blood & Blood vessels

Loss of fluids- Weakness

Cinchona.

Blood decomposition- Weakness

Apis, Baptisia.

Arteritis

Arsenic album, Lupulus.

Polyarteritis nodosa

Arsenic, Mercurius, Silicea, Sulphur.

Arthritis with arteritis

Absinthium, Equisetum, Lupulus, Silicea,Tritica repens.

Fatty degeneration, hypercholesterolemia

Phosphorous. 

Calcification

Atherosclerosis

Plumbum, Calcarea fluor. 

Plumbum, Calcarea fluor, Manganum nigrim. 

Skin

Warts, Subcutaneous nodules

Thuja.

Psoriasis

Cinchona.

Arthritis with photosensitivity

Cinchona.

Arthritis from Mercuric toxicity 

Asafoetida. It acts better after Bryonia.

Other remedies

 Allium sativa, Aluminum, Cinnamon, Clematis, Phosphorus (Phosphoric acid, Lycopodium, Curcuma, Sanguinaria, Chelidonium, Berberis, and Allium cepa), Radium, and Strontium.

Antidote therapy (Chelation)

Manganese                        < Ferrum.

Ferrum compounds.          < Lead (Podophyllum).

Lead (Podophyllum).         < Alumina.


Alumina.                             < Arsenic (Sinapis).


Arsenic (Sinapis).        < Copper (Nux vomica).


Copper (Nux vomica).  < Mercury (Podophyllum). 


Mercury. < Sulphur (Arnica, Asafoetida, Viscum album). 


Sulphur < Phosphorus (Allium sativa, Lycopodium).


Phosphorus. < Aurum (Alfalfa), Magnesium, Calcium.

Acute arthritis 

Prefer herbs those have taste of sweet, salt, and sour.

Chronic arthritis

Prefer herbs those have taste of pungent, bitter, and astringent.

Systemic lupus erythematosis  (medicine)

Cinchona officinalis.

Specific remedies

Syzygium aromaticum, Agaricus, Arnica, Lycopodium, Secale cor, Thea, and Viscum Album.

Pearls.

Guggul, Pura (M).

Mirrh (H).

Alfalfa (A & A).

Which is the Khidr medicine, Khidr remedy and khidr magic for auto immune disorder? Fate and destiny for cure and healing? Yes.

Other measures

Promote perspiration locally by hot application.  

Apply medicated alcoholic lotion (Gaultheria) in upper part of spine and early stage. 

Apply cool ammonium chloride lotion in on warm joints. 

Prefer camphorated oil in cool joints. 

Prefer oil to lower region. 

Avoid bitter, pungent and astringent items for lower joints (except gout).

List of external agents

Arnica montana ext.

Magnesium sulphate bath.

Azadirachta indica ext.

Mustard seed plaster.

Belladonna ext.

Peppermint ext.

Camphor ext.

Rhus tox ext. 

Cantharis ext.

Rosemarinus officinalis.

Capsicum ext.

Stramonium ext.

Curcuma longa in hot oil.

Terebinthinae oil ext.

Dillweed in Ricinus communis oil. Wintergreen oil.

Viburnum opulus ext.

Fenugreek in hot oil.

Withania somnifera ext.

Zingiber ext compress.

Warm sesame oil ext.

Hypericum perforatum  ext.

Warm mineral oil.

Lobelia inflata ext.

Warm mustard oil.