Cardiac care. ECG configuration. dr. Kader Kochi.

An electrocardiogram is a graphic representation of the electrical activities (depolarization and repolarization) produced in heart association with each cycle.

The heart is unique among the muscles of body in that it possesses the property of automatic rhythmic contractions. The impulses that precede contraction arise in the conduction system of the heart especially from SA node. These impulses result in excitation of the muscle fibers throughout in atria and ventricles. Impulse formation and its conduction through special fibers make stimulation on contractile cells. The action potentials produced in contractile cells spread through the entire body and reach the skin. the ECG is recorded by applying electrodes to 12 various positions on the surface and connecting these electrodes to the ECG machine, 

when electricity flows towards the positive exploring electrode, the deflection of the stylus of the machine is upwards, i.e., Positive wave. When the electricity flows away from positive exploring electrode the deflection of the stylus will be downwards direction i.e., negative wave. if there is no flow, or impulse is perpendicular to lead, axis there is no deflection. So iso-electric baseline of machine is drawn on graph paper.

Electrical activity consists of two components. Depolarization and repolarization. Depolarization begins from the end of muscle fibre where first excited. repolarisation begin from opposite to end that of first excited. 

Electrocardiogram components.

Waves

P wave, T wave, U wave.

Complex

QRS complex. 

Intervals 

P-R interval, QRS interval, Q-T interval, P-P interval, R-R interval.

Segments

P-R segment, ST segment, T-P segment.

P wave is the wave of atria. It is a compound wave. Repolarisation wave of atria is not visible in graph. 

QRS complex is Depolarization wave of ventricles. T wand U waves are repolarization waves of ventricles. T wave is compound one. T wave should be concordant to qRS wave. (Primary type T wave). Secondary type wave appears opposite to R or S wave when conduction occurred in one way.

Electrical potential of heart traced in ECG are viewed in two planes. 6 view in frontal, vertical plane (6 Limb leads) and 6 view in horizontal plane (6 chest leads). 

There are two methods of ECG analysis. 

1. Systematic analysis of each wave, segment and duration.

2. Simple analysis based on comparison with various diseases pattern.

Systemic analysis of ECG waves

P wave

Normal height:  1 to 2 mm; Normal duration: 0.10 second; Top of P wave is rounded.
P wave  Absent	Aetiology  Atrial fibrillation. S.A block 2:1.  Hyperkalemia.  Junctional or ventricular rhythm.
P-pulmonale P wave  Tall	Aetiology  Right atrial enlargement. It is best seen in LII, and VI. Tricuspid incompetence. Aetiology  Right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary hypertension. ASD left to right shunt. (Ostium primum).
P - mitrale P wave  Wide	Aetiology  Left atrial enlargement. Best seen in LI and AvL. Mitral stenosis. Aetiology  Mitral incompetence. ASD right to left shunt. Wandering pacemaker. Inter atrial block.  Aberrant atrial conduction. Respiratory movement changes.
P wave  Notched	Aetiology  Mitral stenosis. Inter atrial block.
P wave  Inverted	Aetiology  Dextrocardia (aVL). Left atrial ectopic beat (aVL). Retrograde conduction LII (P wave upright in aVR in junctional or ventricular rhythm).  Left atrial enlargement (V1).
P wave Wandering	Aetiology  Atrial fibrosis. SA node diseases. Mitral stenosis.  Hyperkalaemia. Pulmonary vein thrombosis.
P wave  Biphasic	Aetiology  Left atrial hypertrophy (V1).
P wave  Multiple	Aetiology   A.V block 2nd degree type 2. (Aetiology of A.V block Left para sympathetic stimulation, Atrial flutter, atrial rheumatism, beta blockers, Rt coronary artery ischemia, and septal infarction).  Atrial flutter. Carcinoma in chest. Recent atrial myocardial infarction. Thyrotoxicosis. Atrial rheumatism. Blocked atrial premature beat. 3rd degree AV block. Atrial flutter with AV block.

P- R Interval

Normal period is 0.10 to 0.22 second.
PR interval  Prolonged	Aetiology 1st degree A.V block. ASD. Hypothyroidism. Mitral stenosis. Hypokalaemia (Hypokalaemia other changes: tall p and R waves, ST depression, prolonged QT interval, prominent u wave). Hypercalcaemia. Hypermagnesemia. Quinine toxicity. Post ectopic cycle. Cycle following prolonged  Q-T Interval. Rheumatism of heart. Acute infection. Beta blockers. Atrial ischemia. Parasympathetic over activity of left vagus. Anxiety.
P-R interval  Short	Aetiology  Hypomagnesaemia ll ++ (Signs & symptoms are tremor, vasomotor changes and migraine (low serotonin), hypertension & prolonged Q-T interval). WPWS.  Post aberrant cycle. Absence of delay at middle of AV node. Conduction through A.V node by pass.

QRS complex q wave Normally < 1/4 of following R wave, and  duration < 0.03 second. It represents inter ventricular septum  especially of left ventricle.

Q wave

	Aetiology  Old myocardial infarction. Acute myocardial infarction.  Left ventricular hypertrophy (VI-Left posterior wall;V5- septal hypertrophy). Left anterior hemi block( V5-septal depolarization). Pulmonary emboli. Left sided cardio-myopathy ( V5). Deep expiration (LIII). Left ventricular posterior hypertrophy (V2). Left bundle branch block (V1). Pulmonary hypertension (LII). PDA. Amyloidosis.
q wave Absent	It occurs normally at V3( as depolarization perpendicular to V3 electrode). Aetiology  Left bundle branch block (V5). Septal infarction (V5).

R Wave

Amplitude    (Voltage)	Normal amplitude in bipolar lead > 5 mm and < 16 mm. aVL < 12 mm. aVF < 20 mm. V1 < 5 mm. V5 < 25 mm. L1 R+L111 Q = < 21mm. aVL R +V3 R =< 28 mm. V1 S+V5 R   = < 36 mm. V2 S+V6 R   = < 42 mm. R wave height must be progressive from V1 to V5.
VOLTAGE High	Aetiology Ventricular hypertrophy. Left bundle branch block. WPWS. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Acromegaly. Thyrotoxicosis. Nephritis. (Hypokalemia. Aetiology of hypokalemia: tumors, Cushing’s syndrome, aldosteronism, hyper insulinism, diarrhoea and colitis). Fever. Anemia. On expiration. Early ischemia with reactive hyperaemia. Thin chest.
VOLTAGE Low	Aetiology  Pericardial effusion. Pericarditis. Thick chest wall. Emphysema. Diffuse coronary artery disease, hypothyroidism.  Hyperkalaemia. Myocardial infarction some duration. Myocardial fibrosis (Aetiology: ischemia, myocardial rheumatism, Addison’s disease, post infarction). Conditions with para sympathetic over activity. Cardiac depression.
QRS wave Changes in shape	Aetiology  WPWS. Ventricular fibrosis. Bundle branch block. Aberrant conduction.  Ventricular ectopic. Myocardial infarction. Hyperkalaemia. Electric alternans. (Aetiology: pericardial effusion, hyperventilation, following food intake, and anxiety).

S wave

Depth of S wave must be regressive from V1 to V6
S Wave  Deep	Aetiology  Right ventricular hypertrophy (LI, V5). Left ventricular hypertrophy (V1, V2). Left axis deviation (L III). Horizontal position (avf). Vertical position (avl).
S wave Wide	Right bundle branch block (LI, V5).

Q R S Interval

Normal period is 0.04 second to 0.08 second. Ventricular activation time of R wave: < 0.034 second in V1 and < 0.044 second in V5.
QRS interval Wide	Aetiology  Old age. Bradycardia. Hyperkalaemia. Hypocalcaemia. Premature ventricular ectopics (Aetiology of ectopic: tobacco, flatulence, thyroid hormone, toxins, ventricular ischemia, and hypokalaemia).  Aberrant conduction. Ventricular hypertrophy with fibrosis. WPWS. Quinine toxicity. Bundle branch block.  Cardiac depression. Hypermagnesemia. (High Mg++ can induce coronary ischemia, Hyperglycemia, sleepiness, diaphragmatic paralysis and low blood pressure. ECG changes:  prolonged P-R interval, wide QRS interval, and tall T waves).
QRS Interval Short	Aetiology Tachycardia. Hypercalcaemia. Children.

ST Segment

Normally lies at iso-electrical line.
ST segment  Elevation	Aetiology  ST segment convex elevation more than 2 mm: Acute myocardial injury. Recent infarction. More than 2 mm with concave elevation:  Ventricular aneurism. Pericarditis. Chronic rheumatic pericarditis. Thyrotoxicosis. Hyperkalaemia. Sub endocardial infarction (aVR). Leukaemia.  Hypercalcemia (Slurring). Recent myocardial infarction. Elevation less than 2 mm: Asians. Early repolarization. Hypothermia. Pericarditis.
ST segment Depression more than 0.5 mm	Aetiology  Hypokalaemia. Coronary artery thrombosis.  Diabetes mellitus. Hypoferaemia. Ischemia. Left ventricular hypertrophy with strain.  Supra ventricular tachycardia. Sub endocardial infarction. Bundle branch block. Cerebro vascular accident (sympathetic over activity. Pericarditis (in avR)
ST segment Prolongation	> 0.12 second: Aetiology  Hypocalcaemia. Hypo albuminemia. Liver disorders. Children.

T wave

Normally upright in all lead except in LIII, aVR, or V1. its limbs are asymmetrical and height is more than 1/10 of preceding R wave in V5. Normally tall T wave is seen at V3 due to repolarisation begins from far where depolarization ends.
T wave Tall	Aetiology  Hyperkalaemia. Renal failure. Addison’s disease. Right ventricular diastolic overload (V1). Left ventricular diastolic overload (V5). left ventricular hypertrophy. Asians. Ectopic beat left side origin (V5, LI). Posterior myocardial infarction (V2). Recent infarction in reciprocal lead. Acute ischemia with reactive hyperemia.
T wave Flat	Aetiology  After glucose drinks. After carbohydrate food. (Hypokalaemia due to secretion of insulin and subsequent entry of K+ into cell along with insulin). After cold bath. After cool drink. Following low R wave. Emphysema. Hypothyroidism. Ischemia.  Cardiomyopathies. Pericarditis (low R wave amplitude). Equal repolarization potential on both side of electrode.
T wave Inverted	Aetiology:  Ventricular tachycardia.  Hyperventilation (LIII). Atrial tachycardia. After cool drinks.  hypoferremia. After glucose drinks. Anxiety. Childhood. Supra ventricular tachycardia. Horizontal position (LIII). Posterior infarction. Cerebro vascular accident (dysfunction of higher center of autonomic nervous system causes vagus irritation which results parasympathetic activity. so weak stimulation emerges due to inhibition to SA node).  Hypokalaemia. Ventricular hypertrophy. Pericarditis. Cardiomyopathies. Ischaemia. Sub endocardial infarction (symmetrical T wave pattern). Right side origin ventricular ectopic beat (V5). Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy with strain (V5).

Q-T Interval

It is normally in between 0.28 to 0.42 second.  Corrected Q-T Interval (Q-Tc) =estimated Q-T Interval. / square root of R-R interval. Male less than 0.44 second. Female less than 0.46 second.
Q-T interval Prolonged QT interval Short	Aetiology  Cardiac depression. Quinine toxicity. Hypocalcaemia++(Low calcium-Aetiology: low parathyroid hormone, hypo albuminemia - liver & renal disorder. High phosphorus level. ECG changes: Prolonged ST segment, and prolonged Q-T interval). Ventricular hypertrophy. Congenital   prolongation.  Ischemia.  Carditis.   Valvulitis. Autonomous neuropathy. Central nervous system lesion. Cerebro vascular accidents (para sympathetic over activity with weak S.A node stimulation results reactive atrial excitability or sympathetic over activity with rapid atrial rate). Head trauma. Brain tumors. Old age. Bradycardia.  Hypomagnesaemia++. Hypokalaemia+.  Hyponatraremia+ (Low sodium: symptoms are headache, and excess of body water (headache and nausea). ECG changes are similar to hypocalcaemia, hypo albuminemia, hyperkalemia). Aetiology  Exercise. Hypercalcaemia. Digitalis toxicity.   Adrenaline.   Tachycardia. Hypokalemia.

U wave

Normally U wave is developed in same direction of T wave. It is due to repolarisation of the basal part or posterior upper part of left ventricle or posterior septum by strong stimulation or papillary muscles. Best seen in V3 and V6. height < 2mm, <1/3 of preceding T wave.
U wave  Prominent	Aetiology  Hypokalemia. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Cerebro vascular accident (reactive sympathetic over activity increases excitability of posterior surface seen in lead V6 (normally no parasympathetic supply on ventricle). Bradycardia. Hyper thyroid. Digitalis toxicity. Cardiac stimulants. Anterior ischemia with compensatory posterior hypertrophy (V3).
U wave Inverted	Aetiology  Hyperkalaemia. posterior wall ischemia (V6). left ventricular anterior strain(V3).

Heart rate

Normal heart rate is in between 60 -100/ minute. Atrial rate = 60 / P-P interval. Atrial rate = 300 / number of large blocks (0.2 second).          1500 / number of small blocks (0.04 second) in between two p waves. Ventricular rate = 60 / R-R interval. Ventricular rate = 300 / number of large blocks (0.2 second). 1500 / number of small blocks (0.04 second) in between two R waves.
RAPID Regular	Sinus tachycardia: cycle duration < 0.60 second. Etiology  Fever. Thyrotoxicosis. Emotion. Anemia. Beriberi. Para sympatholytic. Sympathomimetics. Liver disorder. Pericarditis. Carditis. Cardiac failure. Low vitamin B1. COPD. Children. *
	Paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia (Etiology: Mitral stenosis, hyperthyroidism, ASD, WPWS, emotion, tea, menses and drugs like ephedrine). *
	Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.
RAPID Irregular	Aetiology  Atrial flutter. Atrial fibrillation.  Idio nodal tachycardia.  Paroxysmal nodal tachycardia.  Idio ventricular tachycardia.  Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.
Slow Regular	Sinus bradycardia: cycle duration >1.00 second Aetiology  Athletes. Old age. Hypothermia. Hypothyroidism. Sino atrial node disease. Uraemia. Jaundice. Increased intra cranial tension. Convalescence. Beta-blockers.
	Vagotonic effect. Sympathetic inhibition. S.A block 2:1.
Slow Irregular	Aetiology Sinus arrest. Wandering SA node. Atrial pacemaker. Complete A.V block. Idio- ventricular rhythm.

Heart rhythm

Normal rhythm is sinus regular
Arrhythmia Sinus	Aetiology  Hyperventilation. Hyperkalaemia (Diabetes mellitus, infection, Addison’s disease, burns, ADH and H2O retention)  Cerbro -vascular accident. Atrial ischemia.
Arrhythmia Ectopic beat	Aetiology  Premature ectopic complex appears at early part of cycle. Atrial ectopic. Junctional ectopic.   Ventricular ectopic beat (Aetiology Toxins, Infiltration, Drugs, Hyperkalaemia, Hypokalaemia, Hyperthyroidism, Carcinoma, Ischemia, Tea, Coffee, Meals, Flatulence, Fatigue, Carditis, Sympathomimetics, Old Scar).
Arrhythmia Escape beat	It is physiological and compensatory. Wave complex appear at latter part of cycle. Aetiology  Atrial escape beat.  Junctional escape beat. Bundle branch escape.   Ventricular muscle escape beat.
Arrhythmia	Aetiology  Atrial fibrillation.  Sinus rhythm with occasional SA block 3:2. Sick sinus syndrome.  Wandering atrial pacemaker. Supra ventricular rhythm with AV block. Atrial flutter with irregular AV block. Ventricular tachycardia.
Position Normal heart position in chest is intermediate in vertical view. Upright waves are seen both in aVL and avF
Abnormal Horizontal position	0 degree to -30 degree. Up right waves in aVL. qS wave complex in avF. Aetiology  Central obesity. Flatulence. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Left anterior branch hemi block. Left ventricle anterior myocardial infarction. Aortic incompetence. Old age. Liver hypertrophy. Ascites.
Vertical position	+ 75 degree to +110 degree. qS wave complex in aVL. upright R wave in aVF. Aetiology  Thin chest. Emphysema. Right ventricular hypertrophy. ASD left to right shunt.

Rotation

Normally equal size of R and S wave are seen at V3 It is transitional zone in horizontal plane.
Abnormal   Clockwise  rotation		Aetiology  Low R wave with deep S in V5 (Right ventricular hypertrophy).
Abnormal Anti-clock wise rotation		Aetiology  Tall R wave from septum with less depth of S wave from left ventricle in V1). Left ventricular hypertrophy. posterior wall myocardial infarction. bilateral hypertrophy.

Mean electric axis

Net electrical potential axis normally lies in between 0 to + 90 degree in frontal view. Upright qRS wave complex appear both in LI and LIII.
Left axis deviation of net potential		Upright qRS wave complex in LI and qS wave complex in LIII. Negative axis < -30 degree. Aetiology  Left bundle branch block. Left anterior branch hemi block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. WPWS. Ectopic origin from right ventricle. Anterior myocardial infarction. Normal in 10%.
Right axis deviation		QS wave complex in LI and upright qRS wave complex in LIII. Electric axis > + 90 degree. (>110 degree) Aetiology  Left posterior branch hemi block.  Right bundle branch block. Right ventricular hypertrophy.  Left ventricular ectopic beat. Dextrocardia. Inferior or posterior wall infarction. Children.
ECG changes after exercise
Positive indicatio ns		Ratio of the increases in R wave height and increases in ST segment depression > 1 (Reactive hyperemia). Deep ST depression. Increase in height of T wave. Ventricular premature complex. Reactive tachycardia. Pain after exercise.

Palmistry 2. Kader Kochi.

 Medical practice is the skillful application of rational and scientific disciplines for the benefit of living beings, especially for the suffering of homo sapiens. Medical practitioners can implement human hands as a tool for diagnosis and the healing. Treatment is an art of healing diseases especially by means of medicines. Careful observation, logical interpretation and adequate experience are necessary for true medical practice. Ultimate goal of medicine is to bring happiness. Routine medical examinations include general survey, inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. All varieties of rational data are considerable for routine examination. Direct physical examinations are helpful to promote good patient - physician relationships,and it is better than other sophisticated investigations. Instrumental check up is a lengthy, boring and costly procedure often to many individuals. Palmistry is helpful to all practitioners and to those who have problems with communication. This investigation is beneficial in case of dumb, deaf, children and patients who are not able to explain their problems. The hand signs are obvious to the patient as well as all others. It provides early warning about forthcoming diseases. Hand reading was used successfully in early culture to reveal natural instincts, character and physical nature of individuals.

Physical diagnosis

FINGER                                                     DISEASE
Little finger curved		Mongolism, stomach trouble.
Little finger small		Median nerve disease.
Biting		Depression.
Tip blue		Arterial spasm , primary pulmonary hypertension.
Spatular with square tip		Acromegaly.
Chronic inflammation		Tuberculosis, syphilis.
Pea sized tender nodule on tip of finger		Endocarditis.
Space wide between ring and little finger		Downs syndrome.
Tremor		Senility, parkinsonism, alcoholism, disseminated sclerosis, uremia, mercury poisoning.
Wasting		Cervical rib, lesion at cervical.
Thumb broad		PDA.
*** HAND                                                      DISEASE
Dermatitis at dorsum	Pellagra, Polyneuritis.
Numbness	Beriberi.
Xanthoma on tendon at dorsum	Coronary diseases.
Wasting	Cervical rib .
* NAIL                                                       DISEASE
Accumulation of debris beneath the nail	Psoriasis (Transverse grooving of nail), Previous ill health.
Bleeding on nail bed	Lupus erythematosus, Bacterial endocarditis.
Clubbing	Congenital heart disease Rt to Lt shunt, COPD, Inflammatory bowel disease.
Grooving  longitudinal	Dehydration.
Growth absence   on index finger	Tendency to liver disorder.
Growth  slow	Lymphoedma.
Koilonychia	Malnutrition, Hemochromatosis.
Narrow	Narrow minded.
Nail -  atrophy partially at distal edge	Hyperthyroidism, trauma.
Nail blue-gray	Silver poisoning.
Nail bed - blue coloration on base	Hepatolenticular degeneration.
nail bed - brown at distal part	Renal failure.
Nail bed - red coloration on base	Heart failure.
Nail white	Liver disease usually cirrhosis.
Nail Yellow	Hypoalbuminemia, tetracycline therapy.
Horizontal line	Cirrhosis of liver.
Pitting	Psoriasis.
Patechia on nail bed, White centered Splinter hemorrhages	Endocarditis.
Short	Hypothyroidism.
Spoon shaped	Congenital heart diseases.
Square shaped	Tendency to heart diseases.
V shaped	Throat trouble.
White spot	Previous injury.
*** MUSCLE                                                 DISEASE
Hand stiff	Lead poisoning.
Hypertrophy	Muscular dystrophy.
Wasting	Catabolism.
*** PALM                                                      DISEASE
Dermatitis	Peripheral neuritis.
Erythema	Rheumatism, cirrhosis, Raynaud's disease, Scleroderma, Hepatitis, Leprosy.
Heberden’s nodes on distal phalanges	Osteo arthritis.
Pompholyx	Stress, cardiac disorder.
Pustular psoriasis	Calcium deficiency.
Thickening, tylosis	Carcinoma of esophagus.
Over extension of distal phalanges	Ulnar paralysis.
Spindle shaped swelling inter phalangeal joint	Rheumatoid arthritis.
*** SKIN                                                        DISEASE
Black discoloration on dorsum of finger	Addison’s diseases.
Discolored and wrinkle at dorsum of hand	Shoulder hand syndrome.
Skin thick on dorsum	Scleroderma.
Skin smooth	Gout.
Thickened skin over the inter phalangeal joints	Dermatomyositis.
*** WRIST                                                     DISEASE
Claw hand and numbness	Leprosy.
Flexed wrist and extended inter phalanges joint	Tetany.
Radial artery right	Pulse changes more obvious in female.
Wrist drop	Lead poisoning, chorea.

***

Wrist - Radial artery

 Pulse  

VOLUME                DISEASE
High	Hyperthyroid, hypokalaemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension, aortic incompetence, post ectopic beat, aortic & mitral incompetence, cor pulmonale.
Low	Aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, mitral stenosis, shock, peripheral failure.
Pulse pressure   DISEASE
Wide	Arteriosclerosis.
Short	Mitral stenosis, Pericarditis.
TENSION           DISEASE
High	Hypertension, hyperthyroidism, constrictive pericarditis, polycythaemia, Inspiration.
Low	Myocardial weakness, hypotension, peripheral failure, anemia, expiration.
RATE                DISEASE
Increase in	Children, fever, emotion, carditis, hyperthyroidism,  anemia, liver disorder, pericarditis, cardiac failure,  low vitamin B1, chronic pulmonary obstructive diseases, Supra ventricular tachycardia, mitral stenosis, ASD, WPWS, menses, tea, drugs like belladonna, ephedrine, neuro circulatory asthenia.
Decrease in	Athletes, old age, hypothermia, hypothyroidism, sino atrial node disease, uraemia, jaundice, increased intra cranial tension, convalescence, beta blockers, vagotonic, pericardial effusion, on inspiration, A.V block, atrial fibrillation, first week of typhoid, dengue fever, after digitalis.
CHARACTER          DISEASE
Thready pulse		Peripheral failure, left ventricular failure, myocarditis, paroxysmal tachycardia.
Pulsus  alternans		Myocardiopathy, pericarditis.
Pulsus bisferiens		Aortic stenosis combined with aortic regurgitation.
Pulsus paradoxus		Constrictive pericarditis, Obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Pulsus  bigeminus		Heart block.
Collapsing pulse		Aortic regurgitation, PDA, thyrotoxicosis, arterio venous aneurysm, neuro circulatory asthenia.
RHYTHM               DISEASE
Partially irregular	Extra systole, sinus arrhythmias,  atrial flutter,  heart block,  effusion, constrictive pericarditis.
Complete irregular	Atrial fibrillation.
Pulse deficit	Atrial fibrillation, extra systole, shock.

***

 PALMISTRY 

Lines & mounts

1	Life line.
2	Head line.
3	Fate line.
4	Heart line.
5	Apollo line.
6	Health line.
7	Intuition line.
8	Griddle of Venus.
9	Lines of Opposition.
10	Lines of Affection.
11	Lines of Influence.
12	Lines of Worry.  or Obstacle.
Q	Quadrangle.

                                                      Fig - Lines of palm

 

                                         

                                                     Fig- Mounts of palm

MOUNTS

MOUNTS	GOOD QUALITIES (Normal development without horizontal line and signs)	BAD QUALITIES (absence, under development or over development)
Jupiter	Ambition, leadership, morality	Atheism, infancy, vulgarity.
Saturn	Independence, politeness, study	Envy, melancholia, mutiny, secrecy.
Mars	Courage, independence, respect	Crime, despair, fear, murder.
Venus	Love, optimism, popularity	Greediness, sexuality.
Moon	Faithfulness, imagination, sacrifice	Changeability, despair, selfishness.
Mercury	Business fluency, frankness	Cheat, cunning, theft.
Sun	Romance, sociability, wealth	Acting, gambling, rashness.

***

FINGERS

FINGER	PHALANGES	GOOD QUALITIES (normal development)	BAD  QUALITIES (absence or over development)
Jupiter	1	Morality	Immorality.
	2	Responsibility	Irresponsibility.
	3	Honor	Dishonesty.
Saturn	1	Patience	Superstition.
	2	Research	Pretension.
	3	Solitude	Miserly.
Apollo	1	Romance	Laziness.
	2	Love to fame	Immorality.
	3	Sense of economy	Stupidity.
Mercury	1	Frankness	Cunning.
	2	Business	Scandal.
	3	Love of home	Hatred  family.
Thumb	1	Will power	Rough, Sensuality
	2	Reasoning	Cunning.

***

PALMISTRY   

DISEASE                                        DIAGNOSIS

Adenoid	Thumb sucking.
Asthma	Heart line close to Headline, black spot inside the quadrangle.
Bladder trouble	Lines over the mount of Moon.
Blood pressure low	line on mount of Saturn.
Brain fever	Line of Hepatica ending on Headline.
Bronchitis	Cross over upper Mars.
Cancer	Headline turned extreme up  or down, gap in Life line.
Catarrh	Line on mount of Moon.
Celibacy	line of Marriage turned up.
Cerebral congestion	Line on mount of Mars.
Child hood weakness	Chained line at beginning of Life line.
Chorea	Hand loss of grip.
Deafness	Dot on Headline.
Dementia	Broken Head line.
Depression	Palm yellow, long Saturn finger.
Diabetes	Cross on mount of Moon.
Diseases incurable	A cross at downward line from Life line.
Dropsy	Star on Moon.
Dyspepsia	Line of Mercury starting from Life line.
Epilepsy	Short nail and break in Headline.
Fainting fits	Line of Head turning up, line of Heart turning down.
Fever	Dark spot on Headline, dry skin.
Fever typhoid	Dot on Lifeline, in Headline, in Heart line and in Hepatic line.
Food craving for	Presence of Mercury line.
Grave disease	Dot on Lifeline.
Greed	Line of Heart crosses the palm.
Handicap	Indefinite and broken line.
Hay fever	Line of Hepatica poor, narrow quadrangle.
Headache	Short Headline and Bars on Headline.
Headache bilious	Cutting through line of Hepatica.
Health bad	Cross-on Saturn, lines over Health line.
Health strong	Palm wide.
Heart troubles	Grill on mount of Moon and Saturn, short, triangular and blue nail, Bar on Heart line.
Hypochondriasis	Good Moon, dropping the Headline.
Idiot	Narrow gap between thumb and index finger.
Infantile disorder	Chained Lifeline.
Infertility	Star on line of Hepatica.
Insanity tendency	Reduction of palm circumference.
Intelligence limited	Short nail, Thumb short.
Liver disease	Skin damp, lack of nail growth, yellow Life line.
Mongolism	Curved little finger.
Nurse	Two vertical lines at bottom of fourth Finger.
Paralysis	Nail short and triangular.
Physician	Venus and Moon good, vertical line on Little finger, good Headline, first knot in all fingers.
Piles	Mount of Saturn good, lined Saturn.
Pleurisy	Line from Lifeline to mount of Saturn.
Pregnancy	bad Line from Venus to Saturn.
Rabies	Star on mount of Moon.
Renal disorder	Travel line forked.
Sex disorder	Star on mount of Venus or girdle of Venus.
Stomach trouble	Headline thin.
Syphilis	Mercury and Mars good, lines and star on mount of Mercury.
Vertigo	Headline turned up.

**

 Traditional interpretations 

CONDITION                   INDICATIONS               

Ability for detail	Large hand with long finger.
Accident	Cross on mount of Saturn, cross on Head line,  cross on mount of Apollo.
Accomplishment	Clear and thick line.
Aim for ambitions	Fingers lean to Jupiter.
Aim for money	Fingers lean to Mercury.
Argumentative	Chained line at base of thumb.
Brilliance	Apollo long.
Character negative	Lack of mount.
Character hurry	Finger short.
Clairvoyance	quadrangle- mystic cross inside.
Criminal	Over developed Mercury.
Cruelty	Quadrangle narrow,   black spot on Thumb,  over developed upper Mars.
Culture	Elastic hand .
Curiosity	Gap between line of Life and Headline.
Death	Yellow speckles on nail.
Death by execution	Short and broken Head line under Saturn.
Death sudden	Grill on mount of Mars.
Diplomatic	Triangle in mount of Jupiter.
Disposition morbid	Line of Head dropping to mount of Moon.
Divorce	Marriage line ending in fork,  forked Heart line near Mercury.
Domestic problems	Palm hollow,  horizontal line on mount of Venus
Fame	Vertical line on Apollo.
Fearfulness	Hollow in lower Mars.
Financial failure	Cross-on mount of Sun, hollow Palm.
Fortune	Presence of both Fate line and Apollo line.
Gamble urge	Long 3rd finger.
Home life balanced	Forked Heart line near Jupiter.
Honor	Triangle in Mars,  Star at mount of Jupiter and first phalanges.
Humor	Large nail.
Imprisonment	Grill on mount of Venus.
Impulsive	Short finger.
Independence	Wide space between first and second finger.
Insanity	Union of line of Heart and line of Intuition.
Interest in all subject	Relaxed hand, Long finger.
Irresponsibility	Wide thumb angle.

Jealousy	End of Head line up,  narrow quadrangle.
Judgment good	Wide quadrangle.
Kindness	Apollo long.
Laziness	Palm longer than finger,  drooping of Headline.
Legal stigmata	Horizontal lines on upper Mars.
Life purpose less	Broken line in ring of Saturn.
Life struggle for	Chained line on bracelets.
Logic and reasoning	Second phalanges of Thumb long.
Love	Good mount Venus, thick heart line, circle of Venus.
Love disappointment	Chained Heart line.
Love sensual	Head line ends between 2nd and 3 rd finger.
Love skill in	Line from mount of Venus to Mercury.
Luck	A vertical line or Star on Apollo.
Luck -lack of	Cross at mount of Apollo.
Luck unusual	two lines in mount of Saturn.
Marriage happy	Cross-on Jupiter.
Medical stigmata	Four vertical line on Mercury.
Mind broad	Broad quadrangle.
Mind miserly	Narrow quadrangle,  fingers bend inwards.
Money gain easily	A star on line parallel to Mercury.
Moody	Little finger extended.
Murder instinct	Middle finger crooked, short Headline.
Natural talents	left hand signs in right handed person.
Negative attitude	Plain of Mars hollow.
Nervousness	Many cross line in quadrangle.
Obstacle	dot or circle sign.
Obstinate mind	Palm hard.
Overactive	Lines thick.
Out spoken	Finger held apart.
Patience	Slender thumb.
Physical danger	Cross on Mars.
Physical strength  lack of	Lines thin.
Pickpocket	Mercury short.
Politician	Mount of Mercury bad,  good Jupiter,  lined upper Mars.
Poor health	Chained line.
Poverty	Star on Saturn, bad mount of Mercury.
Pride	Palm flat and hollow,  a line from Headline and Lifeline to Jupiter, Forefinger long.
Protection	Square sign.
Psychic power	A line parallel to and inside of Life line in left hand, ring of Solomon, convex line at border of palm near mount of Lunar.
Punishment  `	Grille on mount of Mercury.
Qualities low	Low set fingers,  under developed Mounts.
Quarrelsome	Cross on plain of Mars, upper Mars and finger, Thumb crooked.
Restlessness	Oblique line at mount of Lunar.
Science success in	Fourth finger long,  triangle on Headline.
Secretive	Fingers held bending inward.
Self-abuse	Grill on mount of Venus.
Self-confidence	wide space between Headline and Lifeline.
Self indulgence	Thick finger.
Self made man	Fate line reaches to Apollo or Mercury, long first phalanges,  good mount of Mars.
Selfishness	Short finger, Heart line absent,  thick, flabby, pale palm.
Sensitive	Phalanges 1st padded.
Sensuality	circle of Venus,  Bulge near wrist at mount of Lunar,  a line parallel to line of Mercury, Palm thick and soft.
Severe illness or shock	Disappearance of line.
Shyness	Fused Headline and Life line,  thin finger.
Smartness	Finger long.
Spender careless	Finger bending backwards.
Stubbornness	Stiff thumb.
Success	Circle on mount Apollo.
Success	A whorl on mount of Sun..
Success in business	Mount of Mercury good.
Suicide	Cross-on mount of lower Mars,  dropping of Headline, Line of Head   and line of Hepatica joined.
Superstition	Mount Saturn and Moon good,  dropping of Headline,  long second finger.
Sympathy for creature	Constricted 2nd phalanges of thumb.
Tact	Knot on second finger.
Temperament even	Pink nail.
Thought reading	Whorl on mount of Moon.
Tolerance	Finger long.
Tragedy	Star on mount of Saturn,  Griddle of Venus.
Trustworthy	Finger wide apart.
V.I.P friendship	Cross on second phalanges of second finger.
Vulgar	Rough hand.
Wealth through marriage	Triangle in wrist.
Will power	First phalanges of Thumb long.
Wit ready	Triangle on fourth finger.

Diseases Medicine Abscess                Arsenic alb, Fluoric acid. Arthritis                Benzoic acid, Rhus tox. Atrophy finger Oleum jecoris, Natrum mur, Phosphoric acid, Silicea, Thuja. Beriberi  Allium cepa, Arsenic alb, Lathyrus sativus. Bleeding Calcarea phos, Phosphorus. Brachial neuritis Aconitum radix, Azadirecta indica. Callosities Antimonium crud. Caries          Silicea. Chapped skin Natrum mur. Chilblain Nux vomica. Chorea Absinthium, Causticum, Oleum jecoris, Zinc bromatum. Contusion Arnica montana, Symphytum. Cramps Chelidonium, Cuprum met. Eczema Arsenic alb, Mezereum. Elasticity loss Silicea. Exostosis Calcarea fluor. Finger short  Thyroidinum. Freckles Ferrum met. Ganglion  Phosphoric acid . Gangrene Lachesis. Hyperkeratosis Arsenic alb. Inflammation         Belladonna, Apis, Natrum mur. Ischemia Secale cor. Itching Sulphur. Leprosy Cuprum acetate, Gynocardia, Silicea. Lichen dermatosis Arsenic iodatum, Oleum jecoris aselli. Numbness Aconitum, Arsenic alb, Cynodon dactylon. Morvan’s disease  Arsenic iodatum. Pain Rhus tox. Paralysis Causticum, Plumbum met. Periostitis     Asafoetida, Mezereum, Staphysagria. Pellagra  Arsenic sulph flavatum, Bovista. Perspiration Dulcamara, Pilocarpine mur, Silicea Sulphur.  Pigmentation  black    Arsenic alb, Ricinus communis. Pompholyx Hepar sulph, Natrum sulph. Pox Arsenic alb. Psoriasis Arsenic alb. Raynaud’s disease     Gingko biloba, Secale.cor Cactus.g, Ferrum phos, Sulphuric acid. Roughness  Graphitis, Silicea, Petroleum. Stiffness Allium sativa, Causticum, Rhus tox. Swelling Apis, Bryonia. Trembling Agaricus, Hyoscyamus, Nux vom, Rauwolfia, Secale cor, Zinc met   Sclerosis Arsenic alb, China, Secale cor, Thyroidinum. Tetany  Acetic acid, Calcarea carb, Hyoscyamus, Kali mur, Nux vom, Valeriana. Tophi arthritis Colchicum, Kali iodatum. Ulcer Arsenic alb, Alumen. Vasomotor disturbance Kali phos. Vitiligo Acetic acid, China, Sulphuric acid. Warts          Dulcamara, Podophyllum, Sepia,Thuja. Wen Ammonium carb, Calcarea flour, Myristica sebifera, Silicea, Thuja. Writers cramp Cuprum met, Gelsemium. Wrinkled hand Phosphoric acid. Physical diagnosis and treatment is an art.  Hands have a valuable role in clinical practice.